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A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations.
Cyclohexane is a colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctive detergent-like odor, reminiscent of cleaning products (in which it is sometimes used). Cyclohexane is mainly used for the industrial production of adipic acid and caprolactam, which are precursors to nylon. [5] Cyclohexyl (C 6 H 11) is the alkyl substituent of cyclohexane and is ...
The process steps may be sequential in time or sequential in space along a stream of flowing or moving material; see Chemical plant. For a given amount of a feed (input) material or product (output) material, an expected amount of material can be determined at key steps in the process from empirical data and material balance calculations.
Figure 1. Conventional Chemical Vapour Infiltration. [3]• Matrix material carried by the gas ↑ Carrier gas Not drawn to scale CVI growth. Figure 2. [3]During chemical vapour infiltration, the fibrous preform is supported on a porous metallic plate through which a mixture of carrier gas along with matrix material is passed at an elevated temperature.
Process flow diagram showing an extractive distillation apparatus. In this case the mixture components A and B are separated in the first column through the solvent E (recovered in the second column).
Cyclohexanone is produced by the oxidation of cyclohexane in air, typically using cobalt catalysts: [11]. C 6 H 12 + O 2 → (CH 2) 5 CO + H 2 O. This process forms cyclohexanol as a by-product, and this mixture, called "KA Oil" for ketone-alcohol oil, is the main feedstock for the production of adipic acid.
In another major industrial process, cyclohexanol is produced by the oxidation of cyclohexane in air, typically using cobalt catalysts: [24] 2 C 6 H 12 + O 2 → 2 C 6 H 11 OH. This process coforms cyclohexanone, and this mixture ("KA oil" for ketone-alcohol oil) is the main feedstock for the production of adipic acid, used to make nylon.
For cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and cyclohexadiene, dehydrogenation is the conceptually simplest pathway for aromatization. The activation barrier decreases with the degree of unsaturation. Thus, cyclohexadienes are especially prone to aromatization. Formally, dehydrogenation is a redox process. Dehydrogenative aromatization is the reverse of ...