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In psychiatry, derailment (aka loosening of association, asyndesis, asyndetic thinking, knight's move thinking, entgleisen, disorganised thinking [1]) categorises any speech comprising sequences of unrelated or barely related ideas; the topic often changes from one sentence to another.
Splitting, also called binary thinking, dichotomous thinking, black-and-white thinking, all-or-nothing thinking, or thinking in extremes, is the failure in a person's thinking to bring together the dichotomy of both perceived positive and negative qualities of something into a cohesive, realistic whole.
“Focusing on a task or thought that is pleasant or engaging, like a game on your phone, calling a friend, turning on the TV,” is sometimes all you need to shake the bad thoughts off, says ...
Example 1: A student assumes that the readers of their paper have already made up their minds concerning its topic, and, therefore, writing the paper is a pointless exercise. [ 19 ] Example 2: Kevin assumes that because he sits alone at lunch, everyone else must think he is a loser.
Perseveration of thought indicates an inability to switch ideas or responses. [6] An example of perseveration is, during a conversation, if an issue has been fully explored and discussed to a point of resolution, it is not uncommon for something to trigger the reinvestigation of the matter. This can happen at any time during a conversation.
Dream rebound is when suppressed thoughts manifest themselves in one's dreams. [39] Self-control is a form of thought suppression and when one dreams, that suppressed item has a higher chance of appearing in the dream. For example, when an individual is attempting to quit smoking, they may dream about themselves smoking a cigarette. [39]
Restructuring is the act of therapeutically changing one's mindset to strengthen oneself—meaning that it always has a positive connotation. In this way, cognitive restructuring is a particular instance of cognitive reframing. Distortions are exaggerated and typically negative thoughts not supported by a rational thought process.
It is a central topic in existentialist psychotherapy, which has as one of its main goals to help the patient find a proper response to this meaninglessness. [ 24 ] [ 3 ] In Viktor Frankl 's logotherapy , for example, the term existential vacuum is used to describe this state of mind.