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The AWGN channel is represented by a series of outputs at discrete-time event index . is the sum of the input and noise, , where is independent and identically distributed and drawn from a zero-mean normal distribution with variance (the noise).
"Turbo Equalization: Principles and New Results" Archived 27 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, an IEEE Transactions on Communications article about using convolutional codes jointly with channel equalization. IT++ Home Page The IT++ is a powerful C++ library which in particular supports turbo codes; Turbo codes publications by David MacKay
In an AWGN channel, the despreaded signal's signal-to-noise ratio is increased by the spreading factor, which is the ratio of the spreading-sequence rate to the data rate. While a transmitted DSSS signal occupies a wider bandwidth than the direct modulation of the original signal would require, its spectrum can be restricted by conventional ...
Interactive presentation of soft-demapping for AWGN-channel in a web-demo Institute of Telecommunications, University of Stuttgart; Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) CodSim 2.0: Open source Virtual Laboratory for Digital Data Communications Model Department of Computer Architecture, University of Malaga. Simulates Digital line encodings and ...
An application of the channel capacity concept to an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with B Hz bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio S/N is the Shannon–Hartley theorem: C = B log 2 ( 1 + S N ) {\displaystyle C=B\log _{2}\left(1+{\frac {S}{N}}\right)\ }
A 'signal space diagram' is an ideal constellation diagram showing the correct position of the point representing each symbol. After passing through a communication channel, due to electronic noise or distortion added to the signal, the amplitude and phase received by the demodulator may differ from the correct value for the symbol. When ...
Here's everyone who skipped the 2025 Grammy Awards and why they decided to miss the event.
Rayleigh fading is a statistical model for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal, such as that used by wireless devices.. Rayleigh fading models assume that the magnitude of a signal that has passed through such a transmission medium (also called a communication channel) will vary randomly, or fade, according to a Rayleigh distribution — the radial component of the sum of ...