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Iran's ethnic diversity means that the languages of Iran come from a number of linguistic origins, although the primary language spoken and used is Persian. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran asserts that the Persian language alone must be used for schooling and for all official government communications.
Despite the wide range of differences within the population, Iran has only one official language: Persian. The Persian language, also known as Farsi, belongs to the Indo-European language family, and is part of the Indo-Iranian subgroup.
The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE) and New Iranian (since 900 CE). The two directly-attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta).
Although Persian (Farsi) is the predominant and official language of Iran, a number of languages and dialects from three language families— Indo-European, Altaic, and Afro-Asiatic —are spoken. Roughly three-fourths of Iranians speak one of the Indo-European languages.
There are many languages of Iran which belong to several language families. Most Iranians speak an Indo-European language, while a significant minority speak a Turkic language. Other Iranian languages come from the Afro-Asiatic, Caucasian, and Dravidian language families.
People living in and around Iran speak dozens of Iranian languages, including dialects of Persian and Pashto. But what classifies as an Iranian language—and how many people speak one? This guide explores the Iranian language family, its evolution, and which languages fall under the Eastern and Western Iranian language categories.
The primary language spoken in Iran is Persian, also known as Farsi. It is the country’s official language in government, education, and formal communications. Around 53% of the population speaks Farsi as their native language.
Iranian languages, subgroup of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Iranian languages are spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and parts of Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and scattered areas of the Caucasus Mountains.
While Persian, or Farsi, is the official language and the most widely spoken, the country also recognizes and uses many other languages. This article explores the languages of Iran, their historical significance, and their role in shaping the nation’s cultural and social identity.
Iran's ethnic diversity means that the languages of Iran come from a number of linguistic origins, although the primary language spoken and used is Persian. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran asserts that the Persian language alone must be used for schooling and for all official government communications.