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  2. Sodium carbonate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate

    Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals) is the inorganic compound with the formula Na 2 CO 3 and its various hydrates.All forms are white, odourless, water-soluble salts that yield alkaline solutions in water.

  3. Sodium percarbonate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_percarbonate

    Sodium percarbonate or sodium carbonate peroxide is a chemical substance with empirical formula Na 2 H 3 C 2 O 6. It is an adduct of sodium carbonate ("soda ash" or "washing soda") and hydrogen peroxide (that is, a perhydrate) whose formula is more properly written as 2 Na 2 CO 3 · 3 H 2 O 2. It is a colorless, crystalline, hygroscopic and ...

  4. Solvay process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_process

    The ammonia from reaction (III) is recycled back to the initial brine solution of reaction (I). The sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) precipitate from reaction (I) is then converted to the final product, sodium carbonate (washing soda: Na 2 CO 3), by calcination (160–230 °C), producing water and carbon dioxide as byproducts:

  5. Piranha solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranha_solution

    Molecular models of the different molecules active in Piranha solution: peroxysulfuric acid (H 2 SO 5) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). Piranha solution, also known as piranha etch, is a mixture of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). The resulting mixture is used to clean organic residues off substrates, for example ...

  6. Electrolysis of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water

    In the case of water electrolysis, Gibbs free energy represents the minimum work necessary for the reaction to proceed, and the reaction enthalpy is the amount of energy (both work and heat) that has to be provided so the reaction products are at the same temperature as the reactant (i.e. standard temperature for the values given above ...

  7. Enthalpy of neutralization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_neutralization

    It is defined as the energy released with the formation of 1 mole of water. When a reaction is carried out under standard conditions at the temperature of 298 K (25 degrees Celsius) and 1 atm of pressure and one mole of water is formed, the heat released by the reaction is called the standard enthalpy of neutralization (ΔH n ⊖).

  8. Heterogeneous water oxidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_Water_Oxidation

    Heterogeneous OER is sensitive to the surface in which the reaction takes place and is also affected by the pH of the solution. The general mechanism for acidic and alkaline solutions is shown below. Under acidic conditions water binds to the surface with the irreversible removal of one electron and one proton to form a platinum hydroxide. [4]

  9. Benedict's reagent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict's_reagent

    The net reaction between an aldehyde (or an alpha-hydroxy-ketone) and the copper(II) ions in Benedict's solution may be written as: RCHO + 2 Cu 2+ + 5 OH − → RCOO − + Cu 2 O + 3 H 2 O. The hydroxide ions in the equation forms when sodium carbonate dissolves in water. With the citrate included, the reaction becomes: