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Pharmacological cardiotoxicity is defined as cardiac damage that occurs under the action of a drug. This can occur both through damage of cardiac muscle as well as through alteration of the ion currents of cardiomyocytes. [1] Two distinct drug classes in which cardiotoxicity can occur are in anti-cancer and antiarrhythmic drugs.
This oxidative damage can disrupt mitochondrial function, therefore disrupting energy production in the heart muscle itself, leading to energy depletion via depleted ATP and promoting cell death through apoptosis or necrosis. [9] Other mechanisms of cardiotoxicity include inflammatory, [10] DNA damaging, and disrupted cell signaling. DNA damage ...
Calcium is a vital element for regulating the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle. [6] Calcium sensitizers are medications that increase the responsiveness of heart muscle cells to calcium, enabling more forceful contractions while conserving energy. [49]
Statin-induced hepatotoxicity can cause autoimmune hepatitis and an elevation in serum levels of hepatic enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, impairing liver function. [20] Myotoxicity is commonly presented with statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS), which include myalgia and myositis. [21]
The most important adverse side effects are muscle problems, an increased risk of diabetes mellitus, and increased liver enzymes in the blood due to liver damage. [5] [65] Over 5 years of treatment statins result in 75 cases of diabetes, 7.5 cases of bleeding stroke, and 5 cases of muscle damage per 10,000 people treated. [34]
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval. The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents.
GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy may help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and prevent more than 34,000 heart attacks and strokes a year. ... 34,000 strokes and heart attacks annually ...
Fibrates may decrease LDL, though generally to a lesser degree than statins. Similar to statins, the risk of muscle damage exists. Nicotinic acid, like fibrates, is also well suited for lowering triglycerides by 20–50%. It may also lower LDL by 5–25% and increase HDL by 15–35%. Niacin may cause hyperglycemia and may also cause liver damage.