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In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss, FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS) path through free space (usually air). [1]
The ITU indoor propagation model, also known as ITU model for indoor attenuation, is a radio propagation model that estimates the path loss inside a room or a closed area inside a building delimited by walls of any form. Suitable for appliances designed for indoor use, this model approximates the total path loss an indoor link may experience.
(dB) ≈ 36.6 dB + 20 log10[frequency (MHz)] + 20 log10[distance (miles)] These alternative forms can be derived by substituting wavelength with the ratio of propagation velocity ( c , approximately 3 × 10 8 m/s ) divided by frequency, and by inserting the proper conversion factors between km or miles and meters, and between MHz and (1/s).
The two-rays ground-reflection model is a multipath radio propagation model which predicts the path losses between a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna when they are in line of sight (LOS). Generally, the two antenna each have different height. The received signal having two components, the LOS component and the reflection component ...
The formulae and algorithms for predicting the radiation pattern of an offset Fresnel lens antenna are presented in, [8] where some experimental results are also reported. Although a simple Fresnel lens antenna has low efficiency, it serves as a very attractive indoor candidate when a large window or an electrically transparent wall is available.
Being close to other electric or electronic equipment in the building, an indoor antenna is prone to picking up more electrical noise that may interfere with a clear (analog) reception. [2] Used for digital broadcast, the noise is less of a factor than analog broadcast, which recently makes this type of antenna a more popular solution.
The oldest and most widely used (at least in the United States) indoor antenna is the rabbit ears or bunny ears, which are often provided with new television sets. [6] It is a simple half-wave dipole antenna used to receive the VHF television bands, consisting in the US of 54 to 88 MHz ( band I ) and 174 to 216 MHz ( band III ), with ...
Antenna diversity, also known as space diversity or spatial diversity, is any one of several wireless diversity schemes that uses two or more antennas to improve the quality and reliability of a wireless link. Often, especially in urban and indoor environments, there is no clear line-of-sight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver. Instead the ...
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