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A Gunter's chain showing the individual links. The link (usually abbreviated as "l.", "li." or "lnk."), sometimes called a Gunter’s link, is a unit of length formerly used in many English-speaking countries. In US customary units modern definition, the link is exactly 66 ⁄ 100 of a US survey foot, [1] or exactly 7.92 inches or 20.1168 cm.
The chain (abbreviated ch) is a unit of length equal to 66 feet (22 yards), used in both the US customary and Imperial unit systems. It is subdivided into 100 links. [1] [2] There are 10 chains in a furlong, and 80 chains in one statute mile. [2] In metric terms, it is 20.1168 m long. [2]
For a line with a maximum speed of 60 km/h (37 mph), buffer-and-chain couplers increase the minimum radius to around 150 m (164 yd; 492 ft). As narrow-gauge railways , tramways , and rapid transit systems normally do not interchange with mainline railways, instances of these types of railway in Europe often use bufferless central couplers and ...
The centre of the buffer on European railway vehicles must be between 940 and 1,065 mm above the top of rail. Spain was an exception for a long time. A buffer separation of 1,950 mm was specified there because of the force transmitted to the longitudinal beams of the wagons, which are further apart due to their broad gauge railways.
Narrow gauge flat wagons, 750 mm (2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in).Note the single buffer with a hook on the right side and a chain on the other. On some narrow-gauge lines in Europe, and on the Paris Metro, a simplified version of the loose-coupler is used, consisting of a single central buffer with a chain underneath.
The contiguous rail network in North America has a minimum width of 3,250 mm (10 ft 8 in) and a minimum height of 4,620 millimetres (15 ft 2 in). The standard gauge rail network in Eastern Asia is built to a minimum width of 3,400 millimetres (11 ft 2 in), and the Chinese CRH2 as well as the Japanese 0 Series Shinkansen have a width of 3,380 ...
The horizontal alignment (or alinement in the United States) is done by using a predefined length of string line (such as 62-foot in the US and 20 meters in Australia [5]) to measure along the gauge side of the reference rail. It is the distance (in inches or millimeters) from the midpoint of the string line to the gauge of the reference rail.
Each serial chain within the linkage that connects this floating link to ground provides a set of equations that must be satisfied by the configuration parameters of the system. The result is a set of non-linear equations that define the configuration parameters of the system for a set of values for the input parameters.