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[9] [10] Genetic causes are linked with most craniofacial syndromes, and CL/P and other orofacial clefts are recognized as heterogeneous disorders, meaning there are multiple recognized causes. [9] [11] Orofacial clefts have great phenotypic diversity, and their associated genetic environments have called for vast research and investigation.
Orofacial clefts may be associated with a syndrome (syndromic) or may not be associated with a syndrome (nonsyndromic). Syndromic clefts are part of syndromes that are caused by a variety of factors such as environment and genetics or an unknown cause. Nonsyndromic clefts, which are not as common as syndromic clefts, also have a genetic cause. [31]
Ectrodactyly involves the deficiency or absence of one or more central digits of the hand or foot and is also known as split hand–split foot malformation (SHFM). [9] The hands and feet of people with ectrodactyly are often described as "claw-like" and may include only the thumb and one finger (usually either the little finger, ring finger, or a syndactyly of the two) with similar ...
ICF syndrome patients exhibit facial anomalies which include hypertelorism, low-set ears, epicanthal folds and macroglossia. [3] Other frequent symptoms observed in individuals with ICF syndrome include intellectual disability, recurrent and prolonged respiratory infections, and integumentary and digestive system infections. [4]
Twenty to 27% of individuals with a laryngeal cleft also have a tracheoesophageal fistula and approximately 6% of individuals with a fistula also have a cleft. [4] Other congenital anomalies commonly associated with laryngeal cleft are gastro-oesophageal reflux, tracheobronchomalacia, congenital heart defect, dextrocardia and situs inversus. [5]
Conductive deafness-ptosis-skeletal anomalies syndrome, also known as Jackson Barr syndrome, [1] is a rare presumably autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by conductive hearing loss associated with external auditory canal-middle ear atresia which aggravates during ear infections, ptosis, and skeletal anomalies which consist of clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, radial head ...
In general abnormalities arise within the jaw when there is a disturbance or fault in the fusion of the mandibular processes. The mandible in particular has the most differential typical growth anomalies than any other bone in the human skeleton. This is due to variants in the complex symmetrical growth pattern which formulates the mandible. [1]
In North American digital terrestrial television broadcasting, a distributed transmission system (DTS or DTx) is a form of single-frequency network in which a single broadcast signal is fed via microwave, landline, or communications satellite to multiple synchronised terrestrial radio transmitter sites.