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2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the reference chemical to which the toxicity of other dioxins and DLCs are compared. TCDD is the most toxic DLC known. Other dioxins and DLCs are assigned a scaling factor, or TEF, in comparison to TCDD. TCDD has a TEF of 1.0. Sometimes PCB 126 is also used as a reference chemical, with a TEF of 0.1.
Incineration and accidental fires can create corrosive byproducts such as hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid, and poisons like halogenated dioxins and furans. Species of Desulfitobacterium are being investigated for their potential in the bioremediation of halogenic organic compounds. [8]
The uncertainty and variability in the dose–response relationship of dioxins in terms of their toxicity, as well as the ability of dioxins to bioaccumulate, have led WHO experts to recommending very low tolerable daily intake (TDI) of dioxin, 1-4 pg/kg body weight per day, i.e. 7x10 −11 to 2.8x10 −10 g per 70-kg person per day, to allow ...
The resulting combustion produced a highly toxic mixture of PCBs, dioxins and furans, which was included in the feed produced and subsequently fed to a large number of pigs. [ 88 ] According to data in 2009, [ 89 ] in 2005 the production of dioxin by the steel industry ILVA in Taranto ( Italy ) accounted for 90.3 per cent of the overall Italian ...
They are known developmental toxicants, and suspected human carcinogens. PCDFs tend to co-occur with polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs). PCDFs can be formed by pyrolysis or incineration at temperatures below 1200 °C of chlorine containing products, such as PVC , PCBs , and other organochlorides , or of non-chlorine containing products in ...
Chemical compounds containing such rings are also referred to as furans. Furan is a colorless, flammable, highly volatile liquid with a boiling point close to room temperature. It is soluble in common organic solvents, including alcohol, ether, and acetone, and is slightly soluble in water. [2] Its odor is "strong, ethereal; chloroform-like". [3]
Coplanar PCBs are similar to dioxins and furans, both bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in organisms and may exert dioxin-like effects, in addition to the effects shared with non-coplanar PCBs. [9] [10] The AhR is a transcription factor, therefore, abnormal activation may disrupt cellular function by altering gene transcription. [9] [10]
Halide-containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. [1] This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is challenging. This article mainly deals with halogenation using elemental halogens (F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2). Halides are also commonly ...