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Ciguatoxin is produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus, a type of dinoflagellate.The phenomenon occurs in the Caribbean Sea, Hawaii, and coastal Central America. The toxin usually accumulates in the skin, head, viscera, and roe of big reef fish like grouper, wrasse, triggerfish, lionfish, and amberjack.
[6] [21] [22] [23] Ciguatoxin lowers the threshold for opening voltage-gated sodium channels in synapses of the nervous system. Opening a sodium channel causes depolarization, which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart contraction, and changing the senses of hot and cold.
Ciguatoxin 1 or CTX-1 is a toxic chemical compound, the most common and potent type in the group of ciguatoxins. It is a large molecule consisting of polycyclic polyethers that can be found in certain types of fish in the Pacific Ocean. The compound is produced by Dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus and is passed on through the food chain by ...
Gambierdiscus toxicus is a species of photosynthetic unicellular eukaryote belonging to the Alveolata, part of the SAR supergroup.It is a dinoflagellate which can cause the foodborne illness ciguatera, [1] and is known to produce several natural polyethers including ciguatoxin, maitotoxin, gambieric acid, and gambierol.
Scaritoxin, a potent toxic substance, is a ciguatoxin with molecular formula C 60 H 84 O 16. [1] Scaritoxin is also referred to as ciguaotoxin 4A, CTX4A. [1] Like other ciguatoxins, CTX4A is produced by dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus and isolated from poisonous fish.
Consider this a warning. Chinese New Year began on Jan. 29 this year, marking the end of the Year of the Dragon and the beginning of the Year of the Snake.
Sinéad O'Connor’s final wishes for her children have been revealed.. The singer, who died at age 56 in July 2023, is survived by three children. At the time of her death, O’Connor’s estate ...
This results in neuroexcitation, membrane depolarization, and spontaneous nerve firing. Brevetoxins are a group of greater than ten lipid-soluble cyclic polyethers that bind to a specific site on the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) , leading to an influx of sodium ions into the cell.