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(At Vatican I a century earlier there were 737 Council Fathers, mostly from Europe [31]). At Vatican II, some 250 bishops were native-born Asians and Africans, whereas at Vatican I, there were none at all. General Congregations (§3, 20, 33, 38–39, 52–63). The Council Fathers met in daily sittings – known as General Congregations – to ...
The Hermeneutics of the Second Vatican Council, or the Hermeneutics of Vatican II, refers to the different interpretations of the Second Vatican Council given by theologians and historians in relation to the Roman Catholic Church in the period following the Council. The two leading interpretations are the "hermeneutic of continuity" (or ...
In the aftermath of World War II, religious existence came under fire from communist governments in Eastern Europe and China. [1] Although some priests have since been exposed as collaborators, [2] [3] both the Church's official resistance and the leadership of Pope John Paul II are credited with helping to bring about the downfall of communist governments across Europe in 1991.
Hahnenberg, Edward (2007), A Concise Guide to the Documents of Vatican II, City: Saint Anthony Messenger Press, ISBN 978-0-86716-552-4 Linden, Ian (2009). Global Catholicism: diversity and change since Vatican II . 41 Great Russell St, London: Hurst and Co. p. 337.
Changes to old rites and ceremonies following Vatican II produced a variety of responses. Some stopped going to church, while others tried to preserve the old liturgy with the help of sympathetic priests. [91] These formed the basis of today's Traditionalist Catholic groups, which believe that the reforms of Vatican II have gone too far.
Initial opposition came in the form of debate over the theological basis of Vatican II and Gaudium et spes. According to Henri de Lubac, the theological balance of nature and grace pre-Vatican II was overturned in favor of nature and the world which goes against the importance placed upon transcendence. [16]
In his homily, Pope John Paul II encouraged the bishops to revive the Spirit of Vatican II, saying: "We start the synod process in this eucharistic celebration with the same willingness to listen to the Holy Spirit, with the same love for the Church, with the same gratitude to Divine Providence that were present in the council Fathers twenty ...
The Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, commonly known as Vatican II, saw the Catholic Church reassess its practices and doctrine in face of the modern world. Convened in 1962 by Pope John XXIII and presided over by Pope Paul VI after John XXIII's death, the council lasted until 1965, the resulting documents of which [a] addressed, amongst other issues, the way Mass was celebrated and the ...