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The Galton–Watson process is a branching stochastic process arising from Francis Galton's statistical investigation of the extinction of family names. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The process models family names as patrilineal (passed from father to son), while offspring are randomly either male or female, and names become extinct if the family name line dies ...
The most common formulation of a branching process is that of the Galton–Watson process.Let Z n denote the state in period n (often interpreted as the size of generation n), and let X n,i be a random variable denoting the number of direct successors of member i in period n, where X n,i are independent and identically distributed random variables over all n ∈{ 0, 1, 2, ...} and i ∈ {1 ...
In computer science, a binary decision diagram (BDD) or branching program is a data structure that is used to represent a Boolean function. On a more abstract level, BDDs can be considered as a compressed representation of sets or relations. Unlike other compressed representations, operations are performed directly on the compressed ...
Lineage (evolution) – Sequence of populations, organisms, cells, or genes that form a line of descent; Molecular phylogenetics – Branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences; Most recent common ancestor – Most recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended
The idea of a tree of life arose from ancient notions of a ladder-like progression from lower into higher forms of life (such as in the Great Chain of Being).Early representations of "branching" phylogenetic trees include a "paleontological chart" showing the geological relationships among plants and animals in the book Elementary Geology, by Edward Hitchcock (first edition: 1840).
Edward Hitchcock's fold-out paleontological chart in his 1840 Elementary Geology. Although tree-like diagrams have long been used to organise knowledge, and although branching diagrams known as claves ("keys") were omnipresent in eighteenth-century natural history, it appears that the earliest tree diagram of natural order was the 1801 "Arbre botanique" (Botanical Tree) of the French ...
Third, a fitness minimum where disruptive selection will occur and the population branch into two morphs. This process is known as evolutionary branching. In a pairwise invasibility plot the singular strategies are found where the boundary of the region of positive invasion fitness intersects the diagonal.
The algorithm has a recursive description. Let (,,) denote the function which returns a spanning arborescence rooted at of minimum weight. We first remove any edge from whose destination is . We may also replace any set of parallel edges (edges between the same pair of vertices in the same direction) by a single edge with weight equal to the ...