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Spot–future parity (or spot-futures parity) is a parity condition whereby, if an asset can be purchased today and held until the exercise of a futures contract, the value of the future should equal the current spot price adjusted for the cost of money, dividends, "convenience yield" and any carrying costs (such as storage).
Spot futures parity: The current price of a stock equals the current price of a futures contract discounted by the time remaining until settlement: S = F e − r T {\displaystyle S=Fe^{-rT}} Put call parity : A long European call c together with a short European put p at the same strike price K is equivalent to borrowing K e − r T ...
Put–call parity is a static replication, and thus requires minimal assumptions, of a forward contract.In the absence of traded forward contracts, the forward contract can be replaced (indeed, itself replicated) by the ability to buy the underlying asset and finance this by borrowing for fixed term (e.g., borrowing bonds), or conversely to borrow and sell (short) the underlying asset and loan ...
This makes put-call parity an essential concept in options trading. One of the most important principles in options trading is known as put-call parity. The term describes a functional equivalence ...
(+) is the expected future spot exchange rate at time t + k k is the number of periods into the future from time t. The empirical rejection of the unbiasedness hypothesis is a well-recognized puzzle among finance researchers. Empirical evidence for cointegration between the forward rate and the future spot rate is mixed.
Switching spot and strike also switches these conventions, and spot and strike are often complementary in formulas for moneyness, but need not be. Which convention is used depends on the purpose. The sequel uses call moneyness – as spot increases, moneyness increases – and is the same direction as using call Delta as moneyness.
When both covered and uncovered interest rate parity hold, they expose a relationship suggesting that the forward rate is an unbiased predictor of the future spot rate. This relationship can be employed to test whether uncovered interest rate parity holds, for which economists have found mixed results.
In theory, the difference in spot and forward prices should be equal to the finance charges, plus any earnings due to the holder of the security, according to the cost of carry model. For example, on a share the difference in price between the spot and forward is usually accounted for almost entirely by any dividends payable in the period minus ...