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In algebraic number theory, a Gauss sum or Gaussian sum is a particular kind of finite sum of roots of unity, typically ():= (,) = ()where the sum is over elements r of some finite commutative ring R, ψ is a group homomorphism of the additive group R + into the unit circle, and χ is a group homomorphism of the unit group R × into the unit circle, extended to non-unit r, where it takes the ...
The Hasse–Davenport relations, introduced by Davenport and Hasse , are two related identities for Gauss sums, one called the Hasse–Davenport lifting relation, and the other called the Hasse–Davenport product relation. The Hasse–Davenport lifting relation is an equality in number theory relating Gauss sums over different fields.
The Gauss sum (,) can thus be written as a linear combination of Gaussian periods (with coefficients χ(a)); the converse is also true, as a consequence of the orthogonality relations for the group (Z/nZ) ×. In other words, the Gaussian periods and Gauss sums are each other's Fourier transforms.
The Gross–Koblitz formula states that the Gauss sum can be given in terms of the -adic gamma function by = < (())where is a power of a prime ,; is an integer with <, is the integer whose base-expansion is a cyclic permutation of the digits of by positions,
In number theory, quadratic Gauss sums are certain finite sums of roots of unity. A quadratic Gauss sum can be interpreted as a linear combination of the values of the complex exponential function with coefficients given by a quadratic character; for a general character, one obtains a more general Gauss sum .
A fundamental property of these Gauss sums is that = where = (). To put this in context of the next proof, the individual elements of the Gauss sum are in the cyclotomic field L = Q ( ζ p ) {\displaystyle L=\mathbb {Q} (\zeta _{p})} but the above formula shows that the sum itself is a generator of the unique quadratic field contained in L .
The Disquisitiones Arithmeticae has been translated from Gauss's Ciceronian Latin into English and German. The German edition includes all of his papers on number theory: all the proofs of quadratic reciprocity, the determination of the sign of the Gauss sum, the investigations into biquadratic reciprocity, and unpublished notes.
His proof generalizes the classical calculation of the absolute value of Gauss sums using the fact that the norm of a Fourier transform has a simple relation to the norm of the original function. Kiehl & Weissauer (2001) used Laumon's proof as the basis for their exposition of Deligne's theorem.