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A mortar and pestle is a set of two simple tools used to prepare ingredients or substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or powder in the kitchen, laboratory, and pharmacy. The mortar ( / ˈ m ɔːr t ər / ) is characteristically a bowl, typically made of hardwood, metal, ceramic , or hard stone such as granite .
The mortar and pestle, already used for thousands of years, is a standard tool even in modern laboratories. More modern solutions are based on blender type instruments, bead mills , ultrasonic treatment (also sonication ), rotor-stator mechanical, high pressure, and many other physical forces.
Plastic compounding scheme. Compounding consists of preparing plastic formulations by mixing and/or blending polymers and additives in a molten state to achieve the desired characteristics. [1]
Using a nonporous ceramic mortar and pestle, a small quantity of the solid sample is ground up until the sample is exceedingly fine and has a glassy appearance. A drop of a mulling agent (see below) is added to the ground solid in the mortar. The mixture is further ground up to acquire a uniform paste with the consistency of toothpaste.
Polymer nomenclature is generally based upon the type of monomer residues comprising the polymer. A polymer which contains only a single type of repeat unit is known as a homopolymer, while a polymer containing two or more types of repeat units is known as a copolymer. [22] A terpolymer is a copolymer which contains three types of repeat units ...
The elastic modulus (Young's modulus) of a filled polymer can be found using the equation below: E = E 0 (1 + 2.5Φ + 14.1Φ 2) [13] where: E 0 = Modulus of unfilled resin or binder Φ = Filler concentration. Polymers with smaller additions of filler follow this equation closely. In general addition of filler materials will increase the modulus.
Polymer engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, analyses, and modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of the petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterization of polymers, properties of polymers, compounding and processing of polymers and description of major polymers, structure property relations and applications.
Binders are loosely classified as organic (bitums, animal and plant glues, polymers) and inorganic (lime, cement, gypsum, liquid glass, etc.).These can be either metallic or ceramic as well as polymeric depending on the nature of the main material.