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An American Christian family's Bible dating to 1859. Disputes regarding the internal consistency and textual integrity of the Bible have a long history.. Classic texts that discuss questions of inconsistency from a critical secular perspective include the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus by Baruch Spinoza, the Dictionnaire philosophique of Voltaire, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and The Age ...
Here the Bible is seen as a unique witness to the people and deeds that do make up the Word of God. However, it is a wholly human witness. [91] All books of the Bible were written by human beings. Thus, whether the Bible is—in whole or in part [92] —the Word of God is not clear. However, some argue that the Bible can still be construed as ...
Specific collections of biblical writings, such as the Hebrew Bible and Christian Bibles, are considered sacred and authoritative by their respective faith groups. [11] The limits of the canon were effectively set by the proto-orthodox churches from the 1st throughout the 4th century; however, the status of the scriptures has been a topic of scholarly discussion in the later churches.
Modern Biblical criticism (as opposed to pre-Modern criticism) is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible without appealing to the supernatural. . During the eighteenth century, when it began as historical-biblical criticism, it was based on two distinguishing characteristics: (1) the scientific concern to avoid dogma and bias by applying a neutral, non-sectarian ...
The history of the Calvinist–Arminian debate begins in the early 17th century in the Netherlands with a Christian theological dispute between the followers of John Calvin and Jacobus Arminius, and continues today among some Protestants, particularly evangelicals. The debate centers around soteriology, or the study of salvation, and includes ...
The Term Arian. [edit] The term ‘Arian Controversy' implies that Arius caused the Controversy by developing a novel heresy that became the main impetus of the Controversy. It also implies that the anti-Nicenes followed Arius. The reality is that Arius was not of any great significance.
Historicity of the Bible. The historicity of the Bible is the question of the Bible 's relationship to history —covering not just the Bible's acceptability as history but also the ability to understand the literary forms of biblical narrative. [ 1 ] Questions on biblical historicity are typically separated into evaluations of whether the Old ...
The historical reliability of the Gospels is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus. While all four canonical gospels contain some sayings and events that may meet at least one of the five criteria for historical reliability used in biblical studies, [note 1] the assessment and evaluation of these elements is a matter of ongoing debate.