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  2. Singularity theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_theory

    In singularity theory the general phenomenon of points and sets of singularities is studied, as part of the concept that manifolds (spaces without singularities) may acquire special, singular points by a number of routes.

  3. Triple helix model of innovation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_helix_model_of...

    The triple helix model of innovation, as theorized by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, is based on the interactions between the three following elements and their associated 'initial role': [9] universities engaging in basic research, industries producing commercial goods and governments that are regulating markets. [2]

  4. Mathematical markup language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_markup_language

    A mathematical markup language is a computer notation for representing mathematical formulae, based on mathematical notation.Specialized markup languages are necessary because computers normally deal with linear text and more limited character sets (although increasing support for Unicode is obsoleting very simple uses).

  5. Halley's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley's_method

    In numerical analysis, Halley's method is a root-finding algorithm used for functions of one real variable with a continuous second derivative. Edmond Halley was an English mathematician and astronomer who introduced the method now called by his name.

  6. Chinese mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mathematics

    Mathematics emerged independently in China by the 11th century BCE. [1] The Chinese independently developed a real number system that includes significantly large and negative numbers, more than one numeral system (binary and decimal), algebra, geometry, number theory and trigonometry.

  7. Duality (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_(mathematics)

    A set C (blue) and its dual cone C * (red).. A duality in geometry is provided by the dual cone construction. Given a set of points in the plane (or more generally points in ), the dual cone is defined as the set consisting of those points (,) satisfying + for all points (,) in , as illustrated in the diagram.

  8. Fibonacci sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence

    In mathematics, the Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which each element is the sum of the two elements that precede it. Numbers that are part of the Fibonacci sequence are known as Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted F n .

  9. ASCII - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII

    ASCII (/ ˈ æ s k iː / ⓘ ASS-kee), [3]: 6 an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. . ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devic