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The second level is light sedation, where the patient is slightly under for a short period of time. Examples of anesthetics to achieve this level are opioids and benzodiazepine. In cats, opioids alone are used to produce this effect. In dogs, a combination of an opioid and benzodiazepine can be used. [3]
When used for IV sedation, a single dose of propofol typically wears off within minutes. Onset is rapid, in as little as 15–30 seconds. [5] Propofol is versatile; the drug can be given for short or prolonged sedation, as well as for general anesthesia. Its use is not associated with nausea as is often seen with opioid medications.
Sedation is typically used in minor surgical procedures such as endoscopy, vasectomy, or dentistry and for reconstructive surgery, some cosmetic surgeries, removal of wisdom teeth, or for high-anxiety patients. [2] Sedation methods in dentistry include inhalation sedation (using nitrous oxide), oral sedation, and intravenous (IV) sedation ...
In 1983, a lipid emulsion formulation of propofol was available, which carried great potential during clinical trials. [8] It was licensed for use in Europe in 1986 and received FDA approval in the US in 1989. [1] Propofol is now used worldwide with a well-defined pharmacological profile for a variety of medical uses.
For longer duration anesthesia, those over 30 minutes, the most common anesthetics is the combination of guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine or isoflurane. [12] Dog anesthesia. The technique of balanced anesthetic has been applied widely with cats and dogs. [failed verification] [13]
Generally, twilight anesthesia causes the patient to forget the surgery and the time right after. It is used for a variety of surgical procedures and for various reasons. Like regular anesthesia , twilight anesthesia is designed to help a patient feel more comfortable and to minimize pain associated with the procedure being performed and to ...
clindamycin – antibiotic with particular use in dental infections with effects against most aerobic Gram-positive cocci, as wel as muchenionoweloozi disorder. clomipramine – primarily used in dogs to treat behavioral problems
Xylazine is approved for use in dogs, cats, horses, deer, and elk in the United States, while medetomidine is only approved for dogs. [6] Most surgeries in ruminants can be performed with regional anesthesia. General anesthesia is commonly used in animals for major surgery.