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  2. Crucible steel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible_steel

    Crucible steel is steel made by melting pig iron (cast iron), iron, and sometimes steel, often along with sand, glass, ashes, and other fluxes, in a crucible. Crucible steel was first developed in the middle of the 1st millennium BCE in Southern India and Sri Lanka using the wootz process. [1][2][3][4]

  3. Crucible Industries - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible_Industries

    Crucible Industries, commonly known as Crucible, is an American company which develops and manufactures specialty steels, and is the sole producer of a line of sintered steels known as Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) steels. The company produces high speed, stainless and tool steels for the automotive, cutlery, aerospace, and machine tool ...

  4. Crucible - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible

    A modern crucible used in the production of silicon ingots via the Czochralski process. Smaller clay graphite crucibles for copper alloy melting. A crucible is a container in which metals or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures. Although crucibles have historically tended to be made out of clay, [1] they can be ...

  5. Ferrous metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy

    Ferrous metallurgy is the metallurgy of iron and its alloys. The earliest surviving prehistoric iron artifacts, from the 4th millennium BC in Egypt, [1] were made from meteoritic iron-nickel. [2] It is not known when or where the smelting of iron from ores began, but by the end of the 2nd millennium BC iron was being produced from iron ores in ...

  6. Bessemer process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_process

    Bessemer process. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature ...

  7. Iron Age - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age

    The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. [1] It has also been considered as the final Age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progressing to protohistory (before written history). In this usage, it is preceded by the Stone Age ...

  8. Wootz steel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wootz_steel

    Wootz steel is a crucible steel characterized by a pattern of bands and high carbon content. These bands are formed by sheets of microscopic carbides within a tempered martensite or pearlite matrix in higher- carbon steel, or by ferrite and pearlite banding in lower-carbon steels. It was a pioneering steel alloy developed in southern India in ...

  9. Steelmaking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmaking

    Steelmaking. Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and excess carbon (the most important impurity) are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, carbon, and vanadium are added to produce ...

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