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Since then, the idea of the seven basic emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, anger, contempt, fear, disgust, and surprise) has ignited debate about the origins of emotion. [11] In the early 1960s, Silvan Tomkins' Affect Theory built upon Darwin's research, arguing that facial expressions are biological and universal manifestations of emotions.
The expressions of emotion that Ekman noted as most universal based on research are: anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and enjoyment. [ 5 ] A common view is that facial expressions initially served a non-communicative adaptive function.
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. [46] Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions.
Emotion classification, the means by which one may distinguish or contrast one emotion from another, is a contested issue in emotion research and in affective science. Researchers have approached the classification of emotions from one of two fundamental viewpoints: [citation needed] that emotions are discrete and fundamentally different constructs
Charles Darwin, in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, used examples to support the idea that emotions and their "expressions are a universal part of human nature", and that people can recognize and express emotions without any training. The theory of constructed emotion calls this assumption into question.
Confucian scholars, such as Han Yu, traditionally identified seven basic emotions (七情 qīqíng), [2] named in the Book of Rites as happiness , anger , grief , fear , love , hate , and desire . [3] [4] Neo-Confucians understand qing as products of environmental circumstances affecting xing, or innate human nature. [2]
All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; that is, they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of the primary emotions. Primary emotions are hypothetical constructs or idealized states whose properties and characteristics can only be inferred from various kinds of evidence. Primary emotions can be conceptualized in terms of ...
In the book, Darwin notes the universal nature of expressions: "The young and the old of widely different races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind by the same movements." This connection of mental states to the neurological organisation of movement , suggested by the shared etymological roots of motive and emotion , is ...