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Emotion classification, the means by which one may distinguish or contrast one emotion from another, is a contested issue in emotion research and in affective science. Researchers have approached the classification of emotions from one of two fundamental viewpoints: [citation needed] that emotions are discrete and fundamentally different constructs
Since then, the idea of the seven basic emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, anger, contempt, fear, disgust, and surprise) has ignited debate about the origins of emotion. [11] In the early 1960s, Silvan Tomkins' Affect Theory built upon Darwin's research, arguing that facial expressions are biological and universal manifestations of emotions.
Common associations connecting colors to a particular emotion may also differ cross-culturally. [12] For instance, one study examined color relationships with emotion with participants in Germany, Mexico, Poland, Russia, and the United States; finding that red was associated with anger and viewed as strong and active. [82]
All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; that is, they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of the primary emotions. Primary emotions are hypothetical constructs or idealized states whose properties and characteristics can only be inferred from various kinds of evidence. Primary emotions can be conceptualized in terms of ...
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. [46] Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions.
The significant theories of emotion can be divided into three primary categories: physiological, [5] neurological, [6] and cognitive. [7] Physiological theories imply that activity within the body can be accountable for emotions. [8] Neurological theories suggest that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses. [6]
[7] [8] Some theories about emotion consider emotions to be biologically basic and stable across people and cultures. [2] [9] [10] These are often called "basic emotion" perspectives because they view emotion as biologically basic. From this perspective, an individual's emotional expressions are sufficient to determine a person's internal ...
Confucian scholars, such as Han Yu, traditionally identified seven basic emotions (七情 qīqíng), [2] named in the Book of Rites as happiness , anger , grief , fear , love , hate , and desire . [3] [4] Neo-Confucians understand qing as products of environmental circumstances affecting xing, or innate human nature. [2]