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A residual-current device (RCD), residual-current circuit breaker (RCCB) or ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) [a] is an electrical safety device that interrupts an electrical circuit when the current passing through a conductor is not equal and opposite in both directions, therefore indicating leakage current to ground or current flowing to another powered conductor.
A branch type AFCI trips on 75 amperes of arcing current from the line wire to either the neutral or ground wire. A combination type adds series arcing detection to branch type performance. Combination type AFCIs trip on 5 amperes of series arcing. Dual-function AFCI GFCI (ground fault circuit interrupter) 110 volt receptacle circa 2016
A wire break in the fault to load section, or in the earth to ground section, will disable operation of the ELCB. Requirement of an additional third wire from the load to the ELCB. Separate devices cannot be grounded individually. Any additional connection to Earth on the protected system can disable the detector.
In both those instances the white wire should be identified as being hot, usually with black tape inside junction boxes. The neutral wire is identified by gray or white insulated wire, perhaps using stripes or markings. With lamp cord wire the ribbed wire is the neutral, and the smooth wire is the hot. NEC 2008 400.22(f) allows surface marking ...
A receptacle with a bootleg ground. In building wiring installed with separate neutral and protective ground bonding conductors (a TN-S network), a bootleg ground (or a false ground) is a connection between the neutral side of a receptacle or light fixture and the ground lug or enclosure of the wiring device.
When current flows from a line conductor to an earth wire, as is the case when a line conductor makes contact with an earthed surface in a Class I appliance, an automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) device such as a circuit breaker or a residual-current device (RCD) will automatically open the circuit to clear the fault.
This practice arose from the three-wire system used to supply both 120 volt and 240 volt loads. Because these listed appliances often have components that use either 120, or both 120 and 240 volts, there is often some current on the neutral wire. This differs from the protective grounding wire, which only carries current under fault conditions.
The load line diagram at right is for a resistive load in a common emitter circuit. The load line shows how the collector load resistor (R L ) constrains the circuit voltage and current. The diagram also plots the transistor's collector current I C versus collector voltage V CE for different values of base current I base .