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All of the red-black tree algorithms that have been proposed are characterized by a worst-case search time bounded by a small constant multiple of log N in a tree of N keys, and the behavior observed in practice is typically that same multiple faster than the worst-case bound, close to the optimal log N nodes examined that would be observed in a perfectly balanced tree.
In a 1977 review of permutation-generating algorithms, Robert Sedgewick concluded that it was at that time the most effective algorithm for generating permutations by computer. [2] The sequence of permutations of n objects generated by Heap's algorithm is the beginning of the sequence of permutations of n+1 objects.
Robert Sedgewick (born December 20, 1946) is an American computer scientist. He is the founding chair and the William O. Baker Professor in Computer Science at Princeton University [ 1 ] and was a member of the board of directors of Adobe Systems (1990–2016). [ 2 ]
In a 1978 paper, "A Dichromatic Framework for Balanced Trees", [6] Leonidas J. Guibas and Robert Sedgewick derived the red–black tree from the symmetric binary B-tree. [7] The color "red" was chosen because it was the best-looking color produced by the color laser printer available to the authors while working at Xerox PARC . [ 8 ]
Swapping pairs of items in successive steps of Shellsort with gaps 5, 3, 1. Shellsort, also known as Shell sort or Shell's method, is an in-place comparison sort.It can be understood as either a generalization of sorting by exchange (bubble sort) or sorting by insertion (insertion sort). [3]
Multi-key quicksort, also known as three-way radix quicksort, [1] is an algorithm for sorting strings.This hybrid of quicksort and radix sort was originally suggested by P. Shackleton, as reported in one of C.A.R. Hoare's seminal papers on quicksort; [2]: 14 its modern incarnation was developed by Jon Bentley and Robert Sedgewick in the mid-1990s. [3]
The heapsort algorithm can be divided into two phases: heap construction, and heap extraction. The heap is an implicit data structure which takes no space beyond the array of objects to be sorted; the array is interpreted as a complete binary tree where each array element is a node and each node's parent and child links are defined by simple arithmetic on the array indexes.
Robert Sedgewick, Algorithms in Modula-3; Laszlo Boszormenyi & Carsten Weich, Programming in Modula-3: An Introduction in Programming with Style; Renzo Orsini, Agostino Cortesi Programmare in Modula-3: introduzione alla programmazione imperativa e a oggetti an Italian book of the language explaining its main features.