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Butyl acrylate is of low acute toxicity with an LD 50 (rat) of 3143 mg/kg. [4] In rodent models, butyl acrylate is metabolized by carboxylesterase or reactions with glutathione; this detoxification produces acrylic acid, butanol, and mercapturic acid waste, which are excreted. [5] [6] [7]
Several plants, including nightshade, become more toxic as they wilt and die, posing a danger to horses eating dried hay or plant matter blown into their pastures. [ 3 ] The risk of animals becoming ill during the fall is increased, as many plants slow their growth in preparation for winter, and equines begin to browse on the remaining plants.
Mohler, John R., Dourine of horses – its cause and suppression (1911) Covering sickness, or dourine (French, from the Arabic darina, meaning mangy (said of a female camel), feminine of darin, meaning dirty), [1] is a disease of horses and other members of the family Equidae.
Butyl cyanoacrylate has been used to treat arteriovenous malformations [6] by application of the glue into the abnormality through angiography. In gastroenterology, butyl cyanoacrylate is used to treat bleeding gastric varices , which are dilated veins that occur in the setting of liver cirrhosis or thrombosis of the splenic vein . [ 7 ]
Nigropallidal encephalomalacia or Chewing disease is a neurological condition that affects horses that have eaten certain toxic plants. Affected animals are unable to prehend food because of lip and tongue paralysis, and may appear to keep their jaws open with the tongue protruded because of reduced jaw tone. [ 1 ]
The skin is loose, and hyper-elastic in affected horses. This collagen based abnormality affects their heart valves too and their mechanical properties are found to be inferior to native horses. [2] Symptoms typically don’t appear until the horse is subjected to pressure or injury on their back, neck or hips, usually around two years of age.
Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a syndrome that affects the skeletal muscles within a horse. This syndrome causes the muscle to break down which is generally associated with exercise and diet regime.
The Belgian Draft Horse is one breed in which JEB occurs Junctional epidermolysis bullosa ( JEB ) is an inherited disorder that is also known as red foot disease or hairless foal syndrome . [ 1 ] JEB is the result of a genetic mutation that inhibits protein production that is essential for skin adhesion. [ 2 ]