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The Oxford Dictionaries website of Oxford University Press states "The rule only applies when the sound represented is 'ee', though. It doesn't apply to words like science or efficient, in which the –ie-combination does follow the letter c but isn't pronounced 'ee'." [33] David Crystal discusses the rule in his 2012 history of English ...
Examples include secondary articulation; onsets, releases and other transitions; shades of sound; light epenthetic sounds and incompletely articulated sounds. Morphophonemically, superscripts may be used for assimilation, e.g. aʷ for the effect of labialization on a vowel /a/ , which may be realized as phonemic /o/ . [ 98 ]
The sound of the consonant Y is /j/, as in yes /ˈjɛs/ and yellow /ˈjɛloʊ/. (This is the value the letter J has in central European languages like German and Polish. The IPA letter /y/ is used for a non-English vowel, the French u, German ü, and Swedish y sound.)
The sound of a hard c often precedes the non-front vowels a , o and u , and is that of the voiceless velar stop, /k/ (as in car). The sound of a soft c , typically before e , i and y , may be a fricative or affricate , depending on the language.
Rule B takes in input y and returns input z. When rule B is applied to input x, it will return the same output (x). The following order is called a feeding order: A: x→y; B: y→z; The opposite of feeding order, the situation in which rule A destroys a certain context so rule B can no longer apply, is called bleeding order.
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
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By analogy with words like these, certain other words ending in /m/, which had no historical /b/ sound, had a silent letter b added to their spelling by way of hypercorrection. Such words include limb and crumb. [35] Where the final cluster /mn/ occurred, this was reduced to /m/ (the him-hymn merger), as in column, autumn, damn, solemn.