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Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus.
Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis. Analysis may be distinguished from geometry ; however, it can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space ) or specific distances between objects (a metric space ).
Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major part of contemporary mathematics education . Calculus has widespread applications in science , economics , and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.
The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at each point in time) with the concept of integrating a function (calculating the area under its graph, or the cumulative effect of small contributions). Roughly speaking, the two operations can be ...
Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach; Nonstandard calculus; Infinitesimal; Archimedes' use of infinitesimals; For further developments: see list of real analysis topics, list of complex analysis topics, list of multivariable calculus topics
The application of hyperreal numbers to the foundations of calculus is called nonstandard analysis. This provides a way to define the basic concepts of calculus such as the derivative and integral in terms of infinitesimals, thereby giving a precise meaning to the d {\displaystyle d} in the Leibniz notation.
Calculus studies the computation of limits, derivatives, and integrals of functions of real numbers, and in particular studies instantaneous rates of change. Analysis evolved from calculus. Glossary of tensor theory; List of complex analysis topics; List of functional analysis topics. List of vector spaces in mathematics
Keisler also published a companion book, Foundations of Infinitesimal Calculus, for instructors, which covers the foundational material in more depth. Keisler defines all basic notions of the calculus such as continuity (mathematics), derivative, and integral using infinitesimals. The usual definitions in terms of ε–δ techniques are ...
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