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Ammonia is generally used in household cleaning products, as well as on farms and in some industrial and commercial locations, and this makes it easy for accidental or deliberate exposure to occur. [15] [16] [17] Ammonia interacts with moist surfaces to form ammonium hydroxide, which causes necrosis of tissues. Exposure to high concentrations ...
Inhalant users inhale vapors or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from an open container of solvents, such as gasoline or paint thinner. Nitrous oxide gases from whipped cream aerosol cans, aerosol hairspray or non-stick frying spray are sprayed into plastic bags.
Hyperventilation is irregular breathing that occurs when the rate or tidal volume of breathing eliminates more carbon dioxide than the body can produce. [1] [2] [3] This leads to hypocapnia, a reduced concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood.
Supplementary oxygen administration is widely used in emergency and intensive care medicine and can be life-saving in critical conditions, but too much can be harmful and affects a variety of pathophysiological processes. Reactive oxygen species are known problematic by-products of hyperoxia which have an important role in cell signaling pathways.
The smelling salts release ammonia (NH 3) gas, which triggers an inhalation reflex. It causes the muscles that control breathing to work faster by irritating the mucous membranes of the nose and lungs. [7] Fainting can be caused by excessive parasympathetic and vagal activity that slows the heart and decreases perfusion of the brain. [14]
However, chronic mouth breathing leads to, or is a sign of, illness, and it does not have mucus in the mouth to trap the unwanted substance unlike the nostrils [5] [6] [7] They end in the microscopic dead-end sacs always opened, though the diameters of the various sections can be changed by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Catathrenia or nocturnal groaning is a sleep-related breathing disorder, consisting of end-inspiratory apnea (breath holding) and expiratory groaning during sleep.It describes a rare condition characterized by monotonous, irregular groans while sleeping. [1]
Poppers (or popper) is a slang term referring to recreational drugs belonging to the alkyl nitrite family of chemical compounds.When fumes from these substances are inhaled, they act as potent vasodilators, producing mild euphoria, warmth, and dizziness.