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The power rule for differentiation was derived by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, each independently, for rational power functions in the mid 17th century, who both then used it to derive the power rule for integrals as the inverse operation. This mirrors the conventional way the related theorems are presented in modern basic ...
Otherwise, a function is an antiderivative of the zero function if and only if it is constant on each connected component of (those constants need not be equal). This observation implies that if a function g : U → C {\displaystyle g:U\to \mathbb {C} } has an antiderivative, then that antiderivative is unique up to addition of a function which ...
The inverse chain rule method (a special case of integration by substitution) Integration by parts (to integrate products of functions) Inverse function integration (a formula that expresses the antiderivative of the inverse f −1 of an invertible and continuous function f, in terms of f −1 and the antiderivative of f).
In general, if a binomial factor is raised to the power of , then constants will be needed, each appearing divided by successive powers, (), where runs from 1 to . The cover-up rule can be used to find A n {\displaystyle A_{n}} , but it is still A 1 {\displaystyle A_{1}} that is called the residue .
His second proof was geometric. If () = and () =, the theorem can be written: + =.The figure on the right is a proof without words of this formula. Laisant does not discuss the hypotheses necessary to make this proof rigorous, but this can be proved if is just assumed to be strictly monotone (but not necessarily continuous, let alone differentiable).
Integration by parts is a heuristic rather than a purely mechanical process for solving integrals; given a single function to integrate, the typical strategy is to carefully separate this single function into a product of two functions u(x)v(x) such that the residual integral from the integration by parts formula is easier to evaluate than the ...
Risch called it a decision procedure, because it is a method for deciding whether a function has an elementary function as an indefinite integral, and if it does, for determining that indefinite integral. However, the algorithm does not always succeed in identifying whether or not the antiderivative of a given function in fact can be expressed ...
The Lebesgue integral extends the integral to a larger class of functions. It also extends the domains on which these functions can be defined. L'Hôpital's rule L'Hôpital's rule or L'Hospital's rule uses derivatives to help evaluate limits involving indeterminate forms. Application (or repeated application) of the rule often converts an ...