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A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1]
The first tables of trigonometric functions known to be made were by Hipparchus (c.190 – c.120 BCE) and Menelaus (c.70–140 CE), but both have been lost. Along with the surviving table of Ptolemy (c. 90 – c.168 CE), they were all tables of chords and not of half-chords, that is, the sine function. [1]
Machin's formula [4] (for which the derivation is straightforward) is: = The benefit of the new formula, a variation on the Gregory–Leibniz series ( π / 4 = arctan 1), was that it had a significantly increased rate of convergence, which made it a much more practical method of calculation.
Computation: 4× Intel Xeon CPU E7-4880 v2 @ 2.5 GHz (60 cores, 320 GB DDR3-1066 RAM) Storage: 406.5 TB – 48× 6 TB HDDs (Computation) + 47× LTO Ultrium 5 1.5 TB Tapes (Checkpoint Backups) + 12× 4 TB HDDs (Digit Storage) Ubuntu 18.10 (x64) Verification: 17 hours using Bellard's 7-term formula, 24 hours using Plouffe's 4-term formula; 303 days
The table of chords, created by the Greek astronomer, geometer, and geographer Ptolemy in Egypt during the 2nd century AD, is a trigonometric table in Book I, chapter 11 of Ptolemy's Almagest, [1] a treatise on mathematical astronomy. It is essentially equivalent to a table of values of the sine function.
where C is the circumference of a circle, d is the diameter, and r is the radius.More generally, = where L and w are, respectively, the perimeter and the width of any curve of constant width.
Similarly / = is a constructible angle because 12 is a power of two (4) times a Fermat prime (3). But π / 9 = 20 ∘ {\displaystyle \pi /9=20^{\circ }} is not a constructible angle, since 9 = 3 ⋅ 3 {\displaystyle 9=3\cdot 3} is not the product of distinct Fermat primes as it contains 3 as a factor twice, and neither is π / 7 ≈ 25.714 ∘ ...
Place P on the line defined by + at a unit distance from the origin. Let PQ be a line perpendicular to line OQ defined by angle α {\displaystyle \alpha } , drawn from point Q on this line to point P. ∴ {\displaystyle \therefore } OQP is a right angle.