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In mathematics, a sum of radicals is defined as a finite linear combination of n th roots: =, where , are natural numbers and , are real numbers.. A particular special case arising in computational complexity theory is the square-root sum problem, asking whether it is possible to determine the sign of a sum of square roots, with integer coefficients, in polynomial time.
In the case of two nested square roots, the following theorem completely solves the problem of denesting. [2]If a and c are rational numbers and c is not the square of a rational number, there are two rational numbers x and y such that + = if and only if is the square of a rational number d.
Vieta's formulas are then useful because they provide relations between the roots without having to compute them. For polynomials over a commutative ring that is not an integral domain, Vieta's formulas are only valid when a n {\displaystyle a_{n}} is not a zero-divisor and P ( x ) {\displaystyle P(x)} factors as a n ( x − r 1 ) ( x − r 2 ) …
Therefore, there are φ(q) primitive q-th roots of unity. Thus, the Ramanujan sum c q (n) is the sum of the n-th powers of the primitive q-th roots of unity. It is a fact [3] that the powers of ζ q are precisely the primitive roots for all the divisors of q. Example. Let q = 12. Then
It follows from the present theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra that if the degree of a real polynomial is odd, it must have at least one real root. [2] This can be proved as follows. Since non-real complex roots come in conjugate pairs, there are an even number of them; But a polynomial of odd degree has an odd number of roots;
The digital root (also repeated digital sum) of a natural number in a given radix is the (single digit) value obtained by an iterative process of summing digits, on each iteration using the result from the previous iteration to compute a digit sum. The process continues until a single-digit number is reached.
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