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The older, "bottom-up" theory proposes that they are built atom-by-atom. The alternative "top-down" approach claims that fullerenes form when much larger structures break into constituent parts. [74] In 2013 researchers discovered that asymmetrical fullerenes formed from larger structures settle into stable fullerenes.
Other theoretical studies predict clusters with more complex three-dimensional structures. [13] Examples include the fullerene-like cluster (H 2 O) 28, named the water buckyball, and the 280-water-molecule monster icosahedral network (with each water molecule coordinate to 4 others). The latter, which is 3 nm in diameter, consists of nested ...
Endohedral fullerenes, also called endofullerenes, are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters enclosed within their inner spheres. The first lanthanum C 60 complex called La@C 60 was synthesized in 1985. [2] The @ in the name reflects the notion of a small molecule trapped inside a shell.
Well-known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent decades, many more allotropes have been discovered and researched, including ball shapes such as buckminsterfullerene and sheets such as graphene. Larger-scale structures of carbon include nanotubes, nanobuds and nanoribbons. Other unusual forms of carbon exist at very high ...
It is a cage-like fused-ring structure which resembles a rugby ball, made of 25 hexagons and 12 pentagons, with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge. A related fullerene molecule, named buckminsterfullerene (or C 60 fullerene) consists of 60 carbon atoms.
Fullerene or C 60 is soccer-ball-shaped or I h with 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. According to Euler's theorem these 12 pentagons are required for closure of the carbon network consisting of n hexagons and C 60 is the first stable fullerene because it is the smallest possible to obey this rule.
A network solid or covalent network solid (also called atomic crystalline solids or giant covalent structures) [1] [2] is a chemical compound (or element) in which the atoms are bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous network extending throughout the material.
Fullerenes are a class of carbon allotropes that were first discovered in 1985 and are also an example of macromolecular cages. Buckminsterfullerene (C 60) and the 60 atoms of this molecule are arranged in a cage-like structure and the framework resembles a soccer ball; the molecule has an icosahedral symmetry.