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Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub is a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. [1] The biome is generally characterized by dry summers and rainy winters, although in some areas rainfall may be uniform. Summers are typically hot in low-lying inland locations but can be cool near colder seas.
In physical geography, tundra (/ ˈ t ʌ n d r ə, ˈ t ʊ n-/) is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. There are three regions and associated types of tundra: Arctic tundra, [2] alpine tundra, [2] and Antarctic tundra. [3]
In Canada and Scandinavia, the growing season is often estimated by using the period of the year when the 24-hour average temperature is +5 °C (41 °F) or more. [16] For the Taiga Plains in Canada, growing season varies from 80 to 150 days, and in the Taiga Shield from 100 to 140 days. [17] Other sources define growing season by frost-free ...
Differences in drainage, variations in soil type (pine trees on sandy soil, deciduous trees on loamy soil, etc.) and salinity, the effects of blowing wind (which drives snow off the hills into depressions, affecting soil quality), and the historic activities of humans all combine to create the mosaic character of the region.
The treeline in Norway is currently moving upwards on average by 0.5 - 1 m altitude each year, with more in some areas. The highest altitude tree in Norway in 2019 was a mountain birch growing at 1,404 m ASL in Jotunheimen. [7] The 1991-2020 temperature normal is significantly warmer than the 1961-1990 normal for all of Scandinavia.
Each of the trees in this stand is a genetically identical male that has reproduced vegetatively. Although no single tree in this stand is of that age, the stand itself as a single organism has existed that long. [116] Individual trees in the clonal patch have been listed as having ages of 2000 [117] [118] or even to 3000 years old. [119] [120]
Aspen trees are all native to cold regions with cool summers, in the north of the northern hemisphere, extending south at high-altitude areas such as mountains or high plains. They are all medium-sized deciduous trees reaching 15–30 m (50–100 ft) tall. In North America, the aspen is referred to as quaking aspen or trembling aspen because ...
The herb layer is very rich and, in undisturbed areas, the trees can grow very large. Typical trees include sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ), beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), tuliptree ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), basswood ( Tilia americana ), northern red oak ( Quercus rubra ), cucumber tree ( Magnolia acuminata ), and black walnut ( Juglans nigra ).