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Liver failure; Pancreatitis (these two usually occur in first 6 months and can be fatal); Leukopenia (low white blood cell count); Neutropenia (low neutrophil count); Pure red cell aplasia
Valproic acid has a black box warning for hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, and fetal abnormalities. [4] There is evidence that valproic acid may cause premature growth plate ossification in children and adolescents, resulting in decreased height. [36] [37] [38] Valproic acid can also cause mydriasis, a dilation of the pupils. [39]
Minor limb malformations seen after valproate exposure. Fetal valproate spectrum disorder (FVSD), previously known as fetal valproate syndrome (FVS), is a rare disease caused by prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA), a medication commonly used to treat epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and migraines.
Valproic acid, and its derivatives such as sodium valproate and divalproex sodium, causes cognitive deficit in the child, with an increased dose causing decreased intelligence quotient and use is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (cognitive and behavioral) in children.
This summary has been recently confirmed by Glauser et al. (2010), [4] who studied the effects of ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in children with newly diagnosed childhood absence epilepsy. Drug dosages were incrementally increased until the child was free of seizures, the maximal allowable dose was reached, or a criterion ...
Adverse effects, like therapeutic effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs, so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise pharmacokinetics, the change of drug levels in the organism in function of time after administration. Adverse effects may also be caused by drug interaction. This ...
It may be used by itself or with other antiseizure medications such as valproic acid. [4] Ethosuximide is taken by mouth. [4] Ethosuximide is usually well tolerated. [5] Common side effects include loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and feeling tired. [4]
The most common side effects are lethargy and weight gain (up to 2 kilograms (4.4 lb)). [4] The less common side effects of using lithium are blurred vision, a slight tremble in the hands, and a feeling of being mildly ill. In general, these side effects occur in the first few weeks after commencing lithium treatment.