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Chronic kidney failure is measured in five stages, which are calculated using the person's GFR, or glomerular filtration rate. Stage 1 CKD is mildly diminished renal function, with few overt symptoms. Stages 2 and 3 need increasing levels of supportive care from their medical providers to slow and treat their renal dysfunction.
For example, a person with chronic kidney disease may develop oedema due to failure of the kidneys to regulate water balance. They may develop evidence of chronic kidney disease, that can be used to assess its severity, for example high blood pressure , osteoporosis or anaemia .
Loss of body sodium and consequent intravascular water (due to impaired reabsorption of salt and water in the tubules of the kidneys) Osmotic diuresis: the increase in urine production due to an excess of osmotic (namely glucose and urea) load in the tubules of the kidneys; Overuse of pharmacologic diuretics
Kidney disease. CDC. 10 Signs You May Have Kidney Disease. National Kidney Foundation. Aging and kidney disease. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney Transplant Outcomes in Recipients Over the Age ...
Controlling the patient's blood pressure may control the progression of kidney failure. ACE inhibitors, a type of blood pressure medicine, preserve kidney function in patients with diabetes. ACE inhibitors may also slow down kidney failure in patients without diabetes. Low-protein diets may also lessen the work done by the kidneys to process waste.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) are generally first-line agents for blood pressure control, as they slow progression of the kidney disease and the risk of heart disease. [15] Loop diuretics may be used to control edema and, if needed, to further lower blood pressure.
The brain and kidneys work to achieve a fluid balance, which occurs when the amount of water consumed equals the amount of water excreted through urine, feces or sweat.
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), [1] [2] is a sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within seven days, [3] as shown by an increase in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output, or both.
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