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Genetic factors play an important role; ADHD has a heritability rate of 70-80%. The remaining 20-30% of variance is mediated by de-novo mutations and non-shared environmental factors that provide for or produce brain injuries; there is no significant contribution of the rearing family and social environment. [144]
There is also strong evidence to support genetic-environment interactions with some fetal and early post-natal environmental factors. [1] However, some have questioned whether a genetic connection exists as no single gene has been found – this is known as the missing heritability problem , which ADHD shares with many other heritable human ...
There is no single, unified theory that explains the cause of ADHD. Genetic factors are presumed important, and it has been suggested that environmental factors may affect how symptoms manifest. [20] [35] It is becoming increasingly accepted that individuals with ADHD have difficulty with "executive functioning". In higher organisms, such as ...
Risk factors for mental illness include psychological trauma, adverse childhood experiences, genetic predisposition, and personality traits. [7] [8] Correlations between mental disorders and substance use are also found to have a two way relationship, in that substance use can lead to the development of mental disorders and having mental disorders can lead to substance use/abuse.
With 15.5 million U.S. adults currently diagnosed with ADHD, there is a growing focus on warning signs of the disorder. Mental health experts share the most common signs and symptoms.
The hypothesis notes that humans spent most of their evolutionary history in hunter-gatherer societies, and it argues that ADHD represents a lack of adaptation to farming societies. Hartmann first developed the idea as a mental model after his own son was diagnosed with ADHD, stating, "It's not hard science, and was never intended to be." [1]
The scientific study of the causes of developmental disorders involves many theories. Some of the major differences between these theories involves whether environment disrupts normal development, if abnormalities are pre-determined, or if they are products of human evolutionary history which become disorders in modern environments (see evolutionary psychiatry). [5]
The precise genetic and environmental factors contributing to ADHD are relatively unknown, but endophenotypes offer a potential middle ground between genes and symptoms. [40] ADHD is commonly linked to "core" deficits involving " executive function ," " delay aversion ," or "activation/arousal" theories that attempt to explain ADHD through its ...
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