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In humans, the CD4 protein is encoded by the CD4 gene. [6] [7] CD4+ T helper cells are white blood cells that are an essential part of the human immune system. They are often referred to as CD4 cells, T helper cells or T4 cells.
Mature T h cells express the surface protein CD4 and are referred to as CD4 + T cells. CD4 + T cells are generally treated as having a pre-defined role as helper T cells within the immune system. For example, when an antigen-presenting cell displays a peptide antigen on MHC class II proteins, a CD4 + cell will aid those cells through a ...
Antigen presentation stimulates immature T cells to become either mature "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or mature "helper" CD4+ cells. An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays an antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation.
CTLA-4 expression is also up-regulated on activated T cells, which in turn outcompetes CD28 for binding to the B7 proteins. This is a checkpoint mechanism to prevent over activation of the T cell. Activated T cells also change their cell surface glycosylation profile. [49] The T cell receptor exists as a complex of several proteins.
CD4 + T H 1 Cells. It has been found in both mice and humans that the signature cytokines for these cells are interferon gamma and lymphotoxin alpha. The main cytokine for differentiation into T H 1 cells is IL-12 which is produced by dendritic cells in response to the activation of pattern recognition receptors.
As defined by CD4 and CD25 expression, regulatory T cells comprise about 5–10% of the mature CD4 + T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, while about 1–2% of T reg can be measured in whole blood. The additional measurement of cellular expression of FOXP3 protein allowed a more specific analysis of T reg cells (CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + cells).
CD40 ligand (CD154) is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes but is also found in a soluble form. While CD40L was originally described on T lymphocytes, its expression has since been found on a wide variety of cells, including platelets, mast cells, macrophages, basophils, NK cells, B lymphocytes, as well as non-haematopoietic cells (smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and ...
The same series of experiments, examining the role of CD4 + cells, showed that high levels of IL-4 and IFNγ were present at the site of the tumor, following vaccination, and subsequent tumour challenge. (Hung, 1998) IL-4 is the predominant cytokine produced by T h 2 cells, while IFNγ is the predominant T h 1 cytokine.
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