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  2. Distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation

    Molecular distillation is vacuum distillation below the pressure of 0.01 torr. 0.01 torr is one order of magnitude above high vacuum, where fluids are in the free molecular flow regime, i.e., the mean free path of molecules is comparable to the size of the equipment. The gaseous phase no longer exerts significant pressure on the substance to be ...

  3. Kugelrohr - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelrohr

    A Kugelrohr (German for "ball tube") is a short-path vacuum distillation apparatus [1]: 150 typically used to distill relatively small amounts of compounds with high boiling points (usually greater than 300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.

  4. Fractionating column - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionating_column

    A fractionating column or fractional column is equipment used in the distillation of liquid mixtures to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on their differences in volatility. Fractionating columns are used in small-scale laboratory distillations as well as large-scale industrial distillations.

  5. File:Simple distillation apparatus.svg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_distillation...

    English: Simple Distillations Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature

  6. Reflux - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflux

    The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column. Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial [1] and laboratory [2] distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.

  7. Round-bottom flask - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-bottom_flask

    The necks of traditional Florence flasks often do not have a ground glass joint like modern round bottom flasks do. Round-bottom flasks are used more commonly by professional chemists than Florence flasks. Retort: A spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck, specially used for distillation or dry distillation of substances.

  8. Condenser (laboratory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(laboratory)

    In chemistry, a condenser is laboratory apparatus used to condense vapors – that is, turn them into liquids – by cooling them down. [1] Condensers are routinely used in laboratory operations such as distillation, reflux, and extraction. In distillation, a mixture is heated until the more volatile components boil off, the vapors are ...

  9. Retort - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retort

    In a chemistry laboratory, a retort is a device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated.

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