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The Human Genome Project was a 13 year-long publicly funded project initiated in 1990 with the objective of determining the DNA sequence of the entire euchromatic human genome within 13 years. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The idea of such a project originated in the work of Ronald A. Fisher , whose work is also credited with later initiating the project.
ELSI was conceived in 1988 when James Watson, at the press conference announcing his appointment as director of the Human Genome Project (HGP), suddenly and somewhat unexpectedly declared that the ethical and social implications of genomics warranted a special effort and should be directly funded by the National Institutes of Health. [1]
The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Human Genetics Research (ELSI) program [3] was developed in 1990 and funded by the agencies which funded the human genome project to look into the ethical, legal and social implications which will arise after the completion of human genome project and large scale availability of the genetic information. [4]
Three to five percent of the funding available for the Human Genome Project was set aside to study the many social, ethical, and legal implications that will result from the better understanding of human heredity the rapid expansion of genetic risk assessment by genetic testing which would be facilitated by this project. [72]
The ethical issues concerning gene doping have been present long before its discovery. Although gene doping is relatively new, the concept of genetic enhancement of any kind has always been subject to ethical concerns. Even when used in a therapeutic manner, gene therapy poses many risks due to its unpredictability among other reasons.
Yet research looking at 109 genetic markers across 16 populations by Guido Barbujani "does not suggest that the racial subdivision of our species reflects any major discontinuity in our genome". [74] As genomic research continues to investigate human genetic variation on a large scale, racial genetic discrimination remains a concern for many. [75]
The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) is a non-profit organization founded in 1988. HUGO represents an international coordinating scientific body in response to initiatives such as the Human Genome Project. HUGO has four active committees, including the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), and the HUGO Committee on Ethics, Law and Society ...
However, He's human experiments raised ethical concerns the effect are unknown on future generations. [112] Ethical concerns have been raised relative to the four ethical criteria of autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence, [114] [113] first postulated by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in Principles of Biomedical Ethics. [115]