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[citation needed] A large "staghorn" kidney stone may block all or part of the renal pelvis. The size of the renal pelvis plays a major role in the grading of hydronephrosis . Normally, the anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis is less than 4 mm in fetuses up to 32 weeks of gestational age and 7 mm afterwards. [ 2 ]
Urology addresses diseases of kidney (and urinary tract) anatomy: these include cancer, renal cysts, kidney stones and ureteral stones, and urinary tract obstruction. [ 7 ] The word “ renal ” is an adjective meaning “relating to the kidneys”, and its roots are French or late Latin.
For a human, the mid-coronal plane would transect a standing body into two halves (front and back, or anterior and posterior) in an imaginary line that cuts through both shoulders. The description of the coronal plane applies to most animals as well as humans even though humans walk upright and the various planes are usually shown in the ...
Mammalian kidneys are susceptible to ischemic injury because mammals lack a renal-portal system, and as a result, vascular vasoconstriction in the glomeruli can lead to decreased blood supply to the entire kidney. The kidneys are susceptible to toxic injury, since toxins are reabsorbed in the tubules along with most of the filtered substances. [47]
Sagittal section through posterior abdominal wall, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney (pararenal fat labeled as paranephric body center left) Perirenal space. It is also called the perinephric space. Bounded by the anterior and posterior leaves of the renal fascia. It contains the following structures: Adrenal gland; Kidney ...
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A coronal plane (also known as frontal plane) is perpendicular to the ground; it separates the anterior from the posterior, the front from the back, and the ventral from the dorsal. A sagittal plane (also known as anteroposterior plane ) is perpendicular to the ground, separating left from right.
Despite their relatively small size, the kidneys receive approximately 20% of the cardiac output. [ 1 ] Each renal artery branches into segmental arteries, dividing further into interlobar arteries , which penetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns between the renal pyramids.