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The Hartz concept, also known as Hartz reforms or the Hartz plan, is a set of recommendations submitted by a committee on reforms to the German labour market in 2002. Named after the head of the committee, Peter Hartz, these recommendations went on to become part of the German government's Agenda 2010 series of reforms, known as Hartz I – Hartz IV.
Active labour market policies are based on the concept of social investment, which rests on the idea of basing decision-making on the welfare of society in quantifiable terms, by increasing the employability, incomes and productivity of economic agents, so this approach interprets state expenditure not as consumption but as an investment that will produce returns on the welfare of individuals.
' citizens' money ') is Germany's unemployment payment introduced on 1 January 2023. The Bürgergeld was developed by Olaf Scholz's coalition government and agreed by Germany's two chambers in November 2022. Compared to its predecessor Arbeitslosengeld II (commonly known as Hartz IV), it has a higher unemployment grant . Adult jobseekers living ...
Universal basic income in Germany (German: Grundeinkommen) has been discussed since the 1970s, with emphasis placed on its unconditional dimension by 2003. [1] The universal basic income concept has many definitions, such as Philippe Van Parijs ', which described it as the income paid by the government, at a uniform level and regular intervals ...
Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. [1] It is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products.
Entrepreneurs create something new and unique—they change or transmute value. Regardless of the firm size, big or small, it can take part in entrepreneurship opportunities. There are four criteria for becoming an entrepreneur. First, there must be opportunities or situations to recombine resources to generate profit.
Germany invested over 2 trillion marks in the rehabilitation of the former East Germany, helping it to transition to a market economy and cleaning up the environmental degradation. By 2011 the results were mixed, with slow economic development in the East, in sharp contrast to the rapid economic growth in both west and southern Germany.
U.S. unemployment rate and employment to population ratio (EM ratio) Wage share and employment rate in the US. Employment-to-population ratio, also called the employment rate, [1] is a statistical ratio that measures the proportion of a country's working age population (statistics are often given for ages 15 to 64 [2] [3]) that is employed.