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The Battle of the Marshes (Arabic: معركة الأهوار, Persian: نبرد نیزارها) was a part of the Iran–Iraq War. After the mostly indecisive Dawn operations in 1983, Iran opened a new, surprise amphibious offensive in the lakes of the Hawizeh Marshes in Iraqi Tigris–Euphrates river system .
Iran employed its own chemical warfare against Iraq on a few occasions during the war as well. [1] The Iraqi chemical weapons program , which had been active since the 1970s, was aimed at regulated offensive use, as evidenced in the chemical attacks against Iraqi Kurds as part of the Anfal campaign in the late 1980s.
But for Iraq even 12,000 was an unacceptable toll, as Iraq had a smaller population to draw from. [1] After the battle, Iran tried unsuccessfully to take the Baghdad–Basra highway with Operation Badr. At the end of the War, Iraq expelled the Iranians from Majnoon island by using combined-arms tactics coupled with chemical weapon attacks. [2]
The Iraqis were equipped with tear gas to use against the enemy, which was the first major use of chemical warfare during the conflict, throwing an entire attacking division into chaos. [143] 95,000 Iranian child soldiers were casualties during the Iran–Iraq War, mostly between the ages of 16 and 17, with a few younger. [144] [145]
President Saddam Hussein (1937–2006) pursued the most extensive chemical program during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988), when he waged chemical warfare against Iran. He also used chemicals in 1988 in the Al-Anfal Campaign against his civilian Kurdish population and during a popular uprising in the south in 1991. [2] [3]
The Iraqis were also convinced their tactics were sound as well. Due to Iran's lack of heavy weaponry, they would suffer during Iraqi counterattacks with heavy weapons. With experiences gained during this battle and the earlier Battle of the Marshes, Iran launched the successful Operation Dawn 8, capturing the Faw Peninsula.
Pages in category "Military operations involving chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes .
The First Battle of Khorramshahr was a major battle in the Iran–Iraq War, beginning shortly after the Iraqi invasion of Iran in September 1980. Amidst the gruelling urban warfare in and around the city, Khorramshahr came to be referred to by the Iranians as Khuninshahr (Persian: خونین شهر, lit.