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Distance education, also known as distance learning, is the education of students who may not always be physically present at school, [1] [2] or where the learner and the teacher are separated in both time and distance. [3] Traditionally, this usually involved correspondence courses wherein the student corresponded with the school via mail.
As online education has become the dominant form of distance education, new theories are emerging that combine elements of constructivism and technology. Siemens' Connectivism "is the integration of principles explored by chaos, network, and complexity and self-organization theories".(p. 5 [ 38 ] ) Connectivism places knowledge in "diversity of ...
Some criticism is now beginning to emerge. Her model does not easily transfer to other contexts (she developed it with experience from an Open University distance learning course). It ignores the variety of learning approaches that are possible within computer-mediated communication (CMC) and the range of learning available theories (Moule 2007).
Under distance learning, universities and colleges expand their impact through online courses that people in any country can take. [22] Open education includes resources such as practices and tools that are not hampered by financial, technical, and legal impediments. These resources are used and shared easily within the digital settings.
mLearning or M-learning is where education is provided via a mobile phone device. The advantages are that learners can learn while on-the-go. However, the material that can be presented is limited and this format is considered best for short targeted learning. [11] Through the use of mobile technologies, learning while travelling is possible.
The 2000s saw changes in online, or e-learning and distance education, with increasing online presence, open learning opportunities, and the development of MOOCs. [13] By 2010 audiences for the most popular college courses such as "Justice" with Michael J. Sandel and "Human Anatomy" with Marian Diamond were reaching millions.
Beyond independence in distance education: The concept of control. The American Journal of Distance Education, 1(3), 3-15; Garrison, R. (2000, June). Theoretical Challenges for Distance Education in the 21st Century: A Shift from Structural to Transactional Issues. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 1(1).
The importance of a physical classroom is being reduced as the technology of distance learning develops (Sanders, 2006). Sanders (2006) present a warning that students may do well in distance learning environments, however they need to have engaging moments within the course.