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The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood.A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia.
The result means that, of these, 21 will not be identified as having schizophrenia by use of FRS (43% of 48). Then, of the 52 people really without schizophrenia, 10 may be incorrectly diagnosed with schizophrenia by the FRS. Diagnosis of schizophrenia from other types of psychosis Sensitivity 58.0 (50.3, 65.3) Specificity 74.7 (85.2, 82.3)
The first of these, in 1884-1885 was what was then diagnosed as dementia praecox (later known as paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia, paranoid type). He described his second mental illness , from 1893 to 1902, making also a brief reference to the first disorder from 1884 to 1885, in his book Memoirs of A Nervous Illness ( German ...
Subtypes of schizophrenia – classified as paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual – were difficult to distinguish and are no longer recognized as separate conditions by DSM-5 (2013) or ICD-11. [265] [266] [267]
Simple-type schizophrenia is a sub-type of schizophrenia included in the International Classification of Diseases , [1] in which it is classified as a mental and behaviour disorder. [2] It is not included in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5 ) or the upcoming ICD-11 , [ 3 ] effective 1 January 2022. [ 4 ]
[3] [16] Biological elements, such as chemical imbalances in the brain and alcohol and drug use are a contributing factor to persecutory delusion. Genetic elements are also thought to influence, family members with schizophrenia and delusional disorder are at a higher risk of developing persecutory delusion. [17]
Schizophrenia is diagnosed 1.4 times more frequently in males than females, and typically appears earlier in men [7] —the peak ages of onset schizophrenia are 20–28 years for males and 26–32 years for females. [10] Early Onset schizophrenia in childhood, before the age of 13 can sometimes occur.
Schizophrenia is a primary psychotic disorder, whereas, bipolar disorder is a primary mood disorder which can also involve psychosis. Both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are characterized as critical psychiatric disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5). [1]