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The new Bellevue Palace was reopened in 1913, and General Ulrich Wille made it Switzerland's military headquarters during World War I. [1] During World War II, the hotel became a focal point of the warring powers' diplomatic and intelligence activities in Switzerland, and its bar was a haunt of OSS station chief Allen Dulles.
Following the first expansion of Bern, the Zytglogge was the gate tower of the western fortifications. At this time, it was a squat tower of only about 16 m (52 ft) in height which was open in the back. [19] During the second expansion, to the Käfigturm, the Zytglogge wall was removed, and the tower was relegated to second-line status.
A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral; see Bern International. The city's population rose from about 5,000 in the 15th century to about 12,000 by 1800 and to above 60,000 by 1900, passing the 100,000 mark during the 1920s.
1191 - Bern set up as military outpost by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen. [2] 1218 - Bern becomes a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. [3] 1219 - Zytglogge (tower) built. [1] 1223 - Theto von Ravensburg becomes Schultheiss von Bern . 1256 - Käfigturm (tower) built. 1259 - First mention of Jews in Bern. [4]
The first tower, which stood on the site of the present Käfigturm, was built in 1256 during the second expansion of Bern. Over the nearly seventy years since the construction of the Zytglogge tower and the first city walls, Bern had expanded westward along the Aare peninsula. In 1255, construction began on a second set of walls, which required ...
Bern in 1638 with its three medieval guard towers, from left to right: Christoffelturm, Käfigturm, Zytglogge. (See full map) When it was built around 1218–1220, [3] the Zytglogge served as the gate tower of Bern's western fortifications. These were erected after the city's first westward expansion following its de facto independence from the ...
The hotel was opened in December 1913, [1] with a design from Dutch architect, Adrien van Dorsser. [2] In 1915, it held a men's tennis tournament on outdoor clay courts. The tournament would eventually become the Swiss Open. [3] Soon after the hotel's inauguration, World War I broke out in Europe, inhibiting the Palace's success at first. [4]
The expansion of the confederacy was stopped by the Swiss defeat in the 1515 Battle of Marignano. Only Bern and Fribourg were still able to conquer the Vaud in 1536; the latter primarily became part of the canton of Bern, with a small portion under the jurisdiction of Fribourg.