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Cel shading or toon shading is a type of non-photorealistic rendering designed to make 3D computer graphics appear to be flat by using less shading color instead of a shade gradient or tints and shades. A cel shader is often used to mimic the style of a comic book or cartoon and/or give the render a characteristic paper-like texture. [1]
This page provides a list of 3D rendering software, the dedicated engines used for rendering computer-generated imagery. This is not the same as 3D modeling software , which involves the creation of 3D models, for which the software listed below can produce realistically rendered visualisations.
An architectural render showing different rendering styles in Blender, including a photorealistic style using Cycles Lunar Gateway rendering in Blender. Blender includes three render engines since version 2.80: EEVEE, Workbench and Cycles. Cycles is a path tracing render engine. It supports rendering through both the CPU and the GPU.
Even though this is a rough, opaque surface, more than just diffuse light is reflected from the brighter side of the material, creating small highlights, because "everything is shiny" in the physically-based rendering model of the real world. Tessellation is used to generate an object mesh from a heightmap and normal map, creating greater detail.
The physics used in these simulations is primarily geometrical optics, in which particles of light follow (usually straight) lines called rays, but in some situations (such as when rendering thin films, like the surface of soap bubbles) the wave nature of light must be taken into account. [11] [12] Effects that may need to be simulated include:
The obvious cost is the need to render the scene geometry twice instead of once. An additional cost is that the deferred pass in deferred lighting must output diffuse and specular irradiance separately, whereas the deferred pass in deferred shading need only output a single combined radiance value.
Traditionally rendering techniques were taught in a "master class" practice (such as the École des Beaux-Arts), where a student works creatively with a mentor in the study of fine arts. Contemporary architects use hand-drawn sketches, pen and ink drawings, and watercolor renderings to represent their design with the vision of an artist.
Animations for non-interactive media, such as feature films and video, can take much more time to render. [4] Non-real-time rendering enables the leveraging of limited processing power in order to obtain higher image quality. Rendering times for individual frames may vary from a few seconds to several days for complex scenes.