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Gingival enlargement has a multitude of causes. The most common is chronic inflammatory gingival enlargement, when the gingivae are soft and discolored. This is caused by tissue edema and infective cellular infiltration caused by prolonged exposure to bacterial plaque, and is treated with conventional periodontal treatment, such as scaling and root planing.
Epulis (Greek: ἐπουλίς; plural epulides) is any tumor-like enlargement (i.e. lump) situated on the gingival or alveolar mucosa. [1] [2] The word literally means "(growth) on the gingiva", [3] [4] and describes only the location of the mass and has no further implications on the nature of the lesion. [5]
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF), also known as idiopathic gingival hyperplasia, is a rare condition of gingival overgrowth. [1] HGF is characterized as a benign, slowly progressive, nonhemorrhagic, fibrous enlargement of keratinized gingiva. It can cover teeth in various degrees, and can lead to aesthetic disfigurement. [2]
Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions may sometimes be abscesses, but these are considered in a separate category. A gingival abscess involves only the gingiva near the marginal gingiva or the interdental papilla. A periodontal abscess involves a greater dimension of the gum tissue, extending apically and adjacent to a periodontal pocket.
Epithelioma cuniculatum (also known as Carcinoma cuniculatum, [11]: 654 and Ackerman tumor [12]) is a subtype of verrucous carcinoma, [13] characterized by well-differentiated epithelial cells which lack cytological atypia, but display a blunt papillary/pebbly surface and keratin-filled crypts extending deep into the connective tissue. [14]
A peripheral ossifying fibroma, also known as ossifying fibrous epulis, is “a gingival nodule which is composed of a cellular fibroblastic connective tissue stroma which is associated with the formation of randomly dispersed foci of mineralised products, which consists of bone, cementum-like tissue, or a dystrophic calcification.
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, complex, premalignant (1% transformation risk) condition of the oral cavity, characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues (the lamina propria and deeper connective tissues).
A pyogenic granuloma or lobular capillary hemangioma [3] is a vascular tumor that occurs on both mucosa and skin, and appears as an overgrowth of tissue due to irritation, physical trauma, or hormonal factors. [4] [5] It is often found to involve the gums, skin, or nasal septum, and has also been found far from the head, such as in the thigh. [6]