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Estonian consonant gradation is a grammatical process that affects obstruent consonants at the end of the stressed syllable of a word. Gradation causes consonants in a word to alternate between two grades, termed "strong" and "weak", depending on the grammar. Some grammatical forms trigger the weak grade, while others retain the strong grade.
When a consonant disappears altogether in the weak grade, coalescence of the two adjacent vowels produces an overlong syllable. Compensatory lengthening in the short illative singular form of nominals produces an overlong syllable, even from an originally short syllable.
Another extremely important feature of Estonian gradation is that, due to the greater loss of word-final segments (both consonants and vowels), the Estonian gradation is an almost entirely opaque process, where the consonant grade (short, long, or overlong) must be listed for each class of wordform.
Estonian orthography is the system used for writing the Estonian language and is based on the Latin alphabet. The Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme .
asno law The word-medial sequence *-mn-is simplified after long vowels and diphthongs or after a short vowel if the sequence was tautosyllabic and preceded by a consonant. . The *n was deleted if the vocalic sequence following the cluster was accented, as in Ancient Greek θερμός thermós 'warm' (from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰermnós 'warm'); otherwise, the *m was deleted, as in Sanskrit ...
Estonian grammar is part of WikiProject Estonia, ... or in a consonant cluster, the strong grade appears with a single voiceless consonant, while a voiced consonant ...
The reading skills of children continue to slide, with just 67% of students in eighth grade scoring at or above a basic level in 2024. Among fourth-graders, ...
Estonian uses b, d, g for short consonants, and p, t, k and pp, tt, kk are used for long consonants. Hungarian digraphs and trigraphs are geminated by doubling the first letter only, thus the geminate form of sz /s/ is ssz /sː/ (rather than * szsz ), and that of dzs /d͡ʒ/ is ddzs /d͡ʒː/ .