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This test leverages the property that the sample proportions (which is the average of observations coming from a Bernoulli distribution) are asymptotically normal under the Central Limit Theorem, enabling the construction of a z-test. The z-statistic for comparing two proportions is computed using: = ^ ^ ^ (^) (+) Where: ^ = sample proportion ...
Here, 1 / f eq can have a fractional (non-integer) value. In precipitation reactions, the equivalence factor measures the number of ions which will precipitate in a given reaction. Here, 1 / f eq is an integer value. Normal concentration of an ionic solution is also related to conductivity (electrolytic) through the use of ...
The Warburg coefficient (or Warburg constant; denoted A W or σ) is the diffusion coefficient of ions in solution, associated to the Warburg element, Z W.The Warburg coefficient has units of / = /
The molar ionic strength, I, of a solution is a function of the concentration of all ions present in that solution. [3]= = where one half is because we are including both cations and anions, c i is the molar concentration of ion i (M, mol/L), z i is the charge number of that ion, and the sum is taken over all ions in the solution.
To derive the formula for the one-sample proportion in the Z-interval, a sampling distribution of sample proportions needs to be taken into consideration. The mean of the sampling distribution of sample proportions is usually denoted as μ p ^ = P {\displaystyle \mu _{\hat {p}}=P} and its standard deviation is denoted as: [ 2 ]
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(Another very sensitive test for copper utilizes the fact that Cu 2+ can serve as a catalyst for the oxidation of thiosulfate ions by Fe 3+ ions. In the absence of Cu 2+, Fe 3+ can form the purple complex Fe(S 2 O 3) 2 − without undergoing redox. If the added sample contains Cu 2+, the solution will rapidly discolor.) [3] Confirmation test ...
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