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Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium were among the most common types of bacteria found in the navels of this project's volunteers and these types of bacteria have been found to be the most common types of bacteria found on the human skin in larger studies of the skin microbiome [18] (of which the Belly Button Biodiversity Project is a part). [10]
The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. [1] The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens [2] and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss.
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. [1] It is part of the normal human microbiota, typically the skin microbiota, and less commonly the mucosal microbiota and also found in marine sponges. [2] [3] It is a facultative anaerobic bacteria.
Desquamation is the process of cell shedding from the surface of the stratum corneum, balancing proliferating keratinocytes that form in the stratum basale. These cells migrate through the epidermis towards the surface in a journey that takes approximately fourteen days.
The epidermis, "epi" coming from the Greek language meaning "over" or "upon", is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface, which also serves as a barrier to infection and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina.
For example, the expression of N-cadherin is crucial to maintaining separation of precursor neural cells from precursor epithelial cells. [2] Likewise, while the surface ectoderm becomes the epidermis , [ 6 ] the neuroectoderm is induced along the neural pathway by the notochord , which is typically positioned above it.
This strain was first isolated from young woman. Additionally, the younger skin appeared to have high proportion of E. keratini, while the older skin had no E. keratini but rather other types of bacteria that this species has been found to be related to skin aging. [2]
The bacteria are also able to infiltrate into available openings at the leaf surface, such as stomata, cuts and wounds, to reach tens of micrometer depths below the leaf epidermis. [10] This infiltration can present a risk to human consumption of raw leafy greens. [11] [8]