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Overlay: A-cation (green), B-cation (grey) and oxygen (red). Perovskites can be deposited as epitaxial thin films on top of other perovskites, [18] using techniques such as pulsed laser deposition and molecular-beam epitaxy. These films can be a couple of nanometres thick or as small as a single unit cell. [19]
Perovskite (pronunciation: / p ə ˈ r ɒ v s k aɪ t /) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (chemical formula Ca Ti O 3).Its name is also applied to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO 3, known as the perovskite structure, which has a general chemical formula A 2+ B 4+ (X 2−) 3. [6]
The methylammonium cation (CH 3 NH 3 +) is surrounded by PbX 6 octahedra. [13] The name "perovskite solar cell" is derived from the ABX 3 crystal structure of the absorber materials, referred to as perovskite structure, where A and B are cations and X is an anion. A cations with radii between 1.60 Å and 2.50 Å have been found to form ...
Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phases are a type of perovskite structure that consists of two-dimensional perovskite-like slabs interleaved with cations.The general formula of an RP phase is A n+1 B n X 3n+1, where A and B are cations, X is an anion (e.g., oxygen), and n is the number of octahedral layers in the perovskite-like stack. [1]
In addition to these cations, gold was also shown to be a suitable candidate for cation exchange yielding a mixed-valent, and distorted, perovskite with the composition Cs 2 Au(I)Au(III)Br 6. [102] A-site cation exchange has also been shown to be a viable route for the transformation of CsPbBr 3 to MAPbBr 3 and from CsPbI 3 to FAPbI 3. [82]
The perovskite structure is frequently found for ternary oxides formed with one large (A) and one small cation (B). In this structure, there is a simple cubic array of B cations, with the A cations occupying the center of the cube, and the oxide atoms are sited at the center of the 12 edges of the simple cube. [8] [5] [6] [7]
A tin-based perovskite solar cell is a special type of perovskite solar cell, based on a tin perovskite structure (ASnX 3, where 'A' is a monovalent cation, tin is in its Sn (II) oxidation state and 'X' is a monovalent halogen anion).
T. Singh, T. Miyasaka: "Stabilizing the efficiency beyond 20% with a mixed cation perovskite solar cell fabricated in ambient air under controlled humidity." In ...